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NEWS ARCHIVES
For Immediate Release
June 9, 2003
Powering Fuel Cells: Oxide Materials that "Exhale and Inhale" May Facilitate Small-scale Hydrogen Production
A unique group of oxide materials that readily gives up and accepts
oxygen atoms with changes in temperature could be the basis for a small-scale
hydrogen production system able to power fuel cells in homes -- and potentially
in automotive applications.
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Scientists have long known that oxides of the rare earth elements cerium
(Ce), terbium (Tb), and praseodymium (Pr) can produce hydrogen from water
vapor and methane in continuous "inhale and exhale" cycles.
By doping iron atoms into the oxides, researchers at the Georgia Institute
of Technology have lowered the temperatures at which these "oxygen
pump" materials produce hydrogen, potentially allowing the process
to be powered by solar energy.
This promising early-stage research was reported in the journal Advanced
Materials 15 (2003) pp 521-526.
"This is a new approach for producing hydrogen that has several
advantages compared to conventional production technology," said
Zhong
L. Wang, a professor in Georgia Tech's School
of Materials Science and Engineering and director of the Center
for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. "For some applications, particularly
those in the home, this could provide an alternative way to supply hydrogen
for small-scale fuel cells."
Traditional reforming processes use metallic catalysts and temperatures
in excess of 800 degrees Celsius to produce hydrogen from hydrocarbons
such as methane. While efficient in industrial-scale production, the traditional
reforming process may not be ideal for the small-scale hydrogen production
needed to power fuel cells in homes or vehicles.
By operating at lower temperatures, the oxide system being developed
at Georgia Tech could provide a lower-cost alternative that uses less
energy and less water to operate.
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The system would take advantage of the oxides' unique crystalline structure,
which allows as much as 20 percent of the oxygen atoms to leave the lattice
without structural damage. That would permit cycling oxygen atoms out
of and back into the structure through a sequence of oxidation and reduction
processes that both produce hydrogen, first from methane and then from
water vapor. By providing an oxygen supply, the oxide system could reduce
the amount of water required for hydrogen production.
First, temperatures of 700 degree Celsius drive oxygen out of the material,
where it oxidizes carbon in the methane to form carbon oxides and free
hydrogen. Temperatures as low as 375 degrees Celsius are then used to
reduce water vapor, pulling oxygen from water to replenish the crystalline
structure -- producing more hydrogen.
"By cycling the temperature back and forth in the presence of methane
or water, you can continuously produce hydrogen," Wang said.
Although the use of rare-earth oxides such as cerium oxide as catalysts
for hydrogen production has been known for some time, the addition to
iron to those oxides by the Georgia Tech researchers has significantly
enhanced the surface chemistry activity of these materials, allowing the
oxidation and reduction reactions to take place at lower temperatures.
Wang believes the reaction temperatures may be lowered farther by "tuning"
the iron content and understanding the trade-offs between reaction efficiency
and temperature.
Lowering the reaction temperature to 350 degrees could allow solar energy
to supply at least some of the heat needed. Relying on the use of a renewable
energy source could make the process more attractive to home users and
remote locations.
"If you can get the temperature low enough, this would facilitate
hydrogen production with renewable energy," Wang noted. "If
you can use solar energy to produce hydrogen, that opens up a lot of new
possibilities."
Using a small laboratory furnace, Wang and collaborator Zhenchuan Kang
cycled test materials through the temperature changes over a period of
hours to study reaction dynamics. In a larger furnace, the temperature
swings could be produced more rapidly. Wang envisions scaling up the process
using a larger furnace in which the oxide materials could be shuttled
back and forth between temperature zones for alternating oxidation and
reduction reactions.
In the experimental set-up, hydrogen production is measured by feeding
the reaction products from the furnace through a proton membrane fuel
cell. The flow of electrical current from the fuel cell provides a measure
of the hydrogen production at different temperatures and levels of iron
doping in the oxides.
Wang has not observed sharp transition in the efficiency of the reaction
as a function of temperatures, but rather temperature zones within which
the oxidation or reaction reactions occur with varying efficiencies.
Though the process might be scaled up to produce large volumes of hydrogen,
Wang believes its true promise is for small-scale systems. "In many
cases, high volume is not what you need, especially when you consider
cost and energy input," he said. "We are excited about this
technology and its potential applications for the new hydrogen economy."
For the future, Wang wants to optimize iron doping and study the tradeoff
between reaction temperature and efficiency. Lower reaction efficiency
could be tolerated if it allowed the use of solar energy for a portion
of the process, he notes.
"The next step is to find the optimal level of iron doping and how low the temperature can go while still producing hydrogen," Wang said. "There is a large amount of tuning possible for the iron doping."
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MEDIA RELATIONS CONTACTS: John Toon (404-894-6986);
E-mail: (john.toon@edi.gatech.edu);
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TECHNICAL CONTACT: Zhong Lin Wang (404-894-8008); E-mail:
(zhong.wang@mse.gatech.edu).
WRITER: John Toon