Confronting the Boss Indirectly: Study of Cockpit Crews Finds Co-Pilots Use "Hints" to Correct Captains

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Confronting one's boss can be intimidating for anyone, but for first officers co-piloting commercial aircraft, it can be a matter of life or death. A new study finds that first officers who need to correct a captain's mistake often initially rely on indirect methods — such as "hints" in the form of problem statements — rather than explicitly stating what to do.

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